1844 History of Wood Engraving- O\'Connell Dinner, Cork- Illustrated London News For Sale

A complete and original eight-page issue of the Illustrated London News dated April 20,1844 plus the accompanying four-page Supplement with fascinating articles, engravings and advertisements including the following:
Steeplechasing - Front cover and interioraccount of the Windsor Steeplechase
The History of Wood Engraving - several pages and examples
The O\'Connell Dinner, Cork - see scan and below
Good clean condition throughout . These early illustrated magazines are usually taken apart in order to sell the engravings individually.
Note - postage to Canada would be $9.00
Daniel O\'ConnellFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other people named Daniel O\'Connell, seeDaniel O\'Connell (disambiguation).Daniel O\'Connell
Dónall Ó ConaillO\'Connell, in an 1836 painting by Bernard Mulrenin.MPforClareIn office
1828– 29 July 1830MPforDublin CityIn office
22 December 1832– 16 May 1836MPforDublin CityIn office
5 August 1837– 10 July 1841Lord MayorofDublinIn office
1841–1842Personal detailsBorn6 August 1775
Cahersiveen,County Kerry,IrelandDied15 May 1847(aged71)
Genoa,Kingdom of SardiniaResting placeGlasnevin Cemetery, Dublin, IrelandPolitical party

• Radicals
• Repeal Association

Spouse(s)Mary O\'Connell (m.1802)Children

• Maurice O\'Connell
• Ellen O\'Connell
• Catherine O\'Connell
• Timothy James O\'Connell
• Elizabeth O\'Connell
• John O\'Connell
• Rickard O\'Connell
• Daniel O\'Connell, Jr.

Alma materKing\'s InnsOccupationBarrister, political activistReligionRoman CatholicismSignatureMilitary serviceAllegianceKingdom of IrelandService/branchYeomanryYears of service1797UnitLawyer\'s Artillery Corps

Daniel O\'Connell(Irish:Dónall Ó Conaill; 6 August 1775– 15 May 1847), often referred to asThe Liberator[1]orThe Emancipator,[2]was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. He campaigned forCatholic Emancipation—including the right for Catholics to sit in theWestminster Parliament, denied for over 100 years—and repeal of theAct of Unionwhich combinedGreat Britain and Ireland.

Contents[hide]

• 1Early life
• 2Campaigning for Catholic Emancipation
• 3The Tithe War
• 4Campaign for Repeal of the Union
• 5Legacy
• 6Family
  • 6.1Connection with the licensed trade
• 7Comments on emancipation
• 8Political beliefs and programme
• 9O\'Connell quotes
• 10See also
• 11Footnotes
• 12References
• 13Further reading
• 14External links

Early life[edit]

O\'Connell was born at Carhan nearCahersiveen,County Kerry, to theO\'Connells of Derrynane, a once-wealthy Roman Catholic family, that had been dispossessed of its lands. Among his uncles wasDaniel Charles, Count O\'Connell, an officer in the Irish Brigades of theFrench Army. A famous aunt wasEibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill, whileSir James O\'Connell, 1st Baronet, was his younger brother. Under the patronage of his wealthy bachelor uncle Maurice \"Hunting Cap\" O\'Connell, he studied atDouaiin France and was admitted as abarristertoLincoln\'s Innin 1794, transferring toDublin\'sKing\'s Innstwo years later. In his early years, he became acquainted with the pro-democracy radicals of the time and committed himself to bringing equal rights and religious tolerance to his own country.[3]

O\'Connell\'s home at Derrynane

While in Dublin studying for the law, O\'Connell was under his Uncle Maurice\'s instructions not to become involved in any militia activity. WhenWolfe Tone\'s French invasion fleet enteredBantry Bayin December 1796, O\'Connell found himself in a quandary. Politics was the cause of his unsettlement.[4]Dennis Gwynn in hisDaniel O\'Connell: The Irish Liberatorsuggests that the unsettlement was because he was enrolled as a volunteer in defence of Government, yet the Government was intensifying its persecution of the Catholic people—of which he was one.[4]He desired to enter Parliament, yet every allowance that the Catholics had been led to anticipate, two years previously, was now flatly vetoed.[4]

As a law student, O\'Connell was aware of his own talents, but the higher ranks of the Bar were closed to him. He read theJockey Clubas a picture of the governing class in England and was persuaded by it that,\"vice reigns triumphant in the English court at this day. The spirit oflibertyshrinks to protect property from the attacks of French innovators. The corrupt higher orders tremble for their vicious enjoyments.\"[4]

O\'Connell\'s studies at the time had concentrated upon the legal and political history of Ireland, and the debates of the Historical Society concerned the records of governments, and from this he was to conclude, according to one of his biographers, \"in Ireland the whole policy of the Government was to repress the people and to maintain the ascendancy of a privileged and corrupt minority.\"[4]

On 3 January 1797, in an atmosphere of alarm over the French invasion fleet in Bantry Bay, he wrote to his uncle saying that he was the last of his colleagues to join a volunteer corps and \'being young, active, healthy and single\' he could offer no plausible excuse.[5]Later that month, for the sake of expediency, he joined the Lawyer\'s Artillery Corps.[6]

On 19 May 1798, O\'Connell was called to theIrish Barand became abarrister. Four days later, theUnited Irishmenstaged theirrebellionwhich was put down by the British with great bloodshed. O\'Connell did not support the rebellion; he believed that the Irish would have to assert themselves politically rather than by force.

He went on theMunstercircuit, and for over a decade, he went into a fairly quiet period of private law practice in the south of Ireland.[3]He was reputed to have the largest income of any Irish barrister but, due to natural extravagance and a growing family, was usually in debt- his brother remarked caustically that Daniel was in debt all his life from the age of seventeen. Although he was ultimately to inherit Derrynane from his uncle Maurice, the old man lived to be almost 100 and in the event Daniel\'s inheritance did not cover his debts.

He also condemnedRobert Emmet\'sRebellion of 1803. Of Emmet, a Protestant, he wrote: \'A man who could coolly prepare so much bloodshed, so many murders—and such horrors of every kind has ceased to be an object of compassion.\'[7]

Despite his opposition to the use of violence, he was willing to defend those accused of political crimes, particularly if he suspected that they had been falsely accused, as in theDoneraileconspiracy trials of 1829, his last notable Court appearance. He was noted for his fearlessness in Court: if he thought poorly of a judge (as was very often the case) he had no hesitation in making this clear. Most famous perhaps was his retort toBaron McClelland, who had said that as a barrister he would never have taken the course O\'Connell had adopted: O\'Connell said that McClelland had never been his model as a barrister, neither would he take directions from him as a judge.[8]He did not lack the ambition to become a judge himself: in particular he was attracted by the position ofMaster of the Rolls in Ireland, yet although he was offered it more than once, finally refused.

Campaigning for Catholic Emancipation[edit]

O\'Connell returned to politics in the 1810s. In 1811, he established the Catholic Board, which campaigned for onlyCatholic Emancipation, that is, the opportunity for Irish Catholics to become members of parliament. In 1823, he set up theCatholic Associationwhich embraced other aims to better Irish Catholics, such as: electoral reform, reform of theChurch of Ireland, tenants\' rights, and economic development.[9]

The Association was funded by membership dues of one penny per month, a minimal amount designed to attract Catholic peasants. The subscription was highly successful, and the Association raised a large sum of money in its first year. The money was used to campaign for Catholic Emancipation, specifically funding pro-emancipation members of parliament (MPs) standing for theBritish House of Commons.[10]

Statue of Daniel O\'Connell outsideSt Patrick\'s Cathedral, Melbourne

Members of the Association were liable to prosecution under an eighteenth-century statute, and the Crown moved to suppress the Association by a series of prosecutions, with mixed success. O\'Connell was often briefed for the defence, and showed extraordinary vigour in pleading the rights of Catholics to argue for Emancipation. He clashed repeatedly withWilliam Saurin, theAttorney General for Irelandand most influential figure in the Dublin administration, and political differences between the two men were fuelled by a bitter personal antipathy.[11]

In 1815 a serious event in his life occurred.Dublin Corporationwas considered a stronghold of theProtestant Ascendancyand O\'Connell, in an 1815 speech, referred to it as a \"beggarly corporation\".[12]Its members and leaders were outraged and because O\'Connell would not apologise, one of their number, the notedduellistJohn D\'Esterre, challenged him. The duel had filledDublin Castle(from where the British Government administered Ireland) with tense excitement at the prospect that O\'Connell would be killed. They regarded O\'Connell as \"worse than a public nuisance,\" and would have welcomed any prospect of seeing him removed at this time.[13]

O\'Connell met D\'Esterre andmortally wounded him(he was shot in the hip, the bullet then lodging in his stomach), in a duel atOughterard, County Kildare. His conscience was bitterly sore by the fact that, not only had he killed a man, but he had left his family almost destitute.[14]

O\'Connell offered to \"share his income\" with D\'Esterre\'s widow, but she declined; however, she consented to accept an allowance for her daughter, which O\'Connell regularly paid for more than thirty years until his death. The memory of the duel haunted him for the remainder of his life, and he refused ever to fight another, being prepared to risk accusations of cowardice rather than kill again.[13]

As part of his campaign for Catholic Emancipation, O\'Connell created the Catholic Association in 1823; this organisation acted as a pressure group against the British government so as to achieve emancipation. The Catholic Rent, which was established in 1824 by O\'Connell and the Catholic Church raised funds from which O\'Connell was able to help finance the Catholic Association in its push for emancipation. Official opinion was gradually swinging towards Emancipation, as shown by the summary dismissal of William Saurin, the Attorney General and a bigoted opponent of religious toleration, whom O\'Connell called \"our mortal foe\".

O\'Connell stood in aby-electionto the British House of Commons in 1828 forCounty Clarefor a seat vacated byWilliam Vesey Fitzgerald, another supporter of the Catholic Association.

After O\'Connell won election, he was unable to take his seat as members of parliament had to take theOath of Supremacy, which was incompatible with Catholicism. The Prime Minister, theDuke of Wellington, and theHome Secretary, SirRobert Peel, even though they opposed Catholic participation in Parliament, saw that denying O\'Connell his seat would cause outrage and could lead to another rebellion or uprising in Ireland, which was about 85% Catholic.[15]

Peel and Wellington managed to convinceGeorge IVthat Catholic emancipation and the right of Catholics andPresbyteriansand members of all Christian faiths other than the establishedChurch of Irelandto sit in Parliament needed to be established; with the help of theWhigs, it became law in 1829.

However, the Emancipation Act was not made retrospective, meaning that O\'Connell had either to seek re-election or to attempt to take the oath of supremacy. When O\'Connell attempted on 15 May to take his seat without taking the oath of supremacy,[16]Solicitor-GeneralNicholas Conyngham Tindalmoved that his seat be declared vacant and another election ordered; O\'Connell was elected unopposed on 30 July 1829.[17]

He took his seat when Parliament resumed in February 1830, by which timeHenry Charles Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolkand Earl of Surrey, had already become the first Roman Catholic to have taken advantage of the Emancipation Act and sit in Parliament.[18][19]

\"Wellington is the King of England\", King George IV once complained, \"O\'Connell is King of Ireland, and I am only the dean of Windsor.\" The regal jest expressed the general admiration for O\'Connell at the height of his career.

The Catholic Emancipation campaign led by O\'Connell served as the precedent and model for the emancipation of British Jews, the subsequentJews Relief Act 1858allowing Jewish MPs to omit the words in theOath of Allegiance\"and I make this Declaration upon the true Faith of a Christian\".[20]

Daniel O\'Connell as depicted on the £20 note ofSeries C Banknote of IrelandThe Tithe War[edit]

Ironically, considering O\'Connell\'s dedication to peaceful methods of political agitation,[21]his greatest political achievement ushered in a period of violence in Ireland. There was an obligation for those working the land to support the established Church (i.e., theUnited Church of England and Ireland) by payments known astithes. The fact that the vast majority of those working the land in Ireland were Catholic or Presbyterian tenant farmers, supporting what was a minority religion within that island (but not the United Kingdom as a whole), had been causing tension for some time.[22]

In December 1830, he and several others were tried for holding a meeting as an association or assemblage in violation of the orders of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, but the statute expired in course of judgment and the prosecution was terminated by the judiciary.[23]

An initially peaceful campaign of non-payment turned violent in 1831 when the newly foundedIrish Constabularywere used to seize property in lieu of payment resulting in theTithe Warof 1831–36.

Although opposed to the use of force, O\'Connell successfully defended participants in theBattle of Carrickshockand all the defendants were acquitted. Nonetheless O\'Connell rejectedWilliam Sharman Crawford\'s call for the complete abolition of tithes in 1838, as he felt he could not embarrass the Whigs (theLichfield House Compactsecured an alliance between Whigs, radicals and Irish MPs in 1835).[22]

In 1841, Daniel O\'Connell became the first Roman CatholicLord Mayor of Dublinsince the reign ofJames II, who had been the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Ireland and Scotland.[3]

Campaign for Repeal of the Union[edit]O\'Connell Monument on O\'Connell Street in Dublin

Once Catholic Emancipation was achieved, O\'Connell campaigned forrepealof theAct of Union, which in 1801 had merged the Parliaments of theKingdom of Great Britainand theKingdom of Irelandto form theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. To campaign for Repeal, O\'Connell set up theRepeal Association. He argued for the re-creation of an independent Kingdom of Ireland to govern itself, withQueen Victoriaas the Queen of Ireland.

To push for this, he held a series of \"Monster Meetings\" throughout much of Ireland outside the Protestant and Unionist-dominated province ofUlster. They were so called because each was attended by around 100,000 people. These rallies concerned theBritish Governmentand thePrime Minister, SirRobert Peel, banned one such proposed monster meeting atClontarf,County Dublin, just outside Dublin city in 1843. This move was made after the biggest monster meeting was held atTara.

Taraheld great significance to the Irish population as it was the historic seat of theHigh Kings of Ireland. Clontarf was symbolic because of its association with theBattle of Clontarfin 1014, when the Irish KingBrian Borudefeated his rival Maelmordha, briefly united Ireland under his sovereignty. Despite appeals from his supporters, O\'Connell refused to defy the authorities and he called off the meeting, as he was unwilling to risk bloodshed and had no others.[3]He was arrested, charged with conspiracy and sentenced to a year\'s imprisonment and a fine of £2,000, although he was released after three months by theHouse of Lords, which quashed the conviction and severely criticised the unfairness of the trial. Having deprived himself of his most potent weapon, the monster meeting, O\'Connell with his health failing had no plan and dissension broke out in the Repeal Association.[3]

Legacy[edit]Daniel O\'Connell is honoured on the first commemorativestamps of Ireland,
issued in 1929.

O\'Connell died of softening of the brain (cerebral softening) in 1847 inGenoa, Italy, while on a pilgrimage to Rome at the age of 71; his term in prison had seriously weakened him, and the appallingly cold weather he had to endure on his journey was probably the final blow. According to his dying wish, his heart was buried in Rome (atSant\'Agata dei Goti, then the chapel of the Irish College), and the remainder of his body inGlasnevin Cemeteryin Dublin, beneath a round tower. His sons are buried in hiscrypt.

On 6 August 1875,Charles Herbert Mackintoshwon the gold and silver medals offered by the St. Patrick\'s Society during the O\'Connell centenary at Major\'s Hill Park inOttawa, Ontariofor a prize poem entitled,The Irish Liberator.[24]

O\'Connell\'s philosophy and career have inspired leaders all over the world, includingMahatma Gandhi(1869–1948) andMartin Luther King(1929–1968). He was told byWilliam Makepeace Thackeray(1811–1863) \"you have done more for your nation than any man since Washington ever did.\"William Gladstone(1809–1898) described him as \"the greatest popular leader the world has ever seen.\"Honoré de Balzac(1799–1850) wrote that \"Napoleon and O\'Connell were the only great men the 19th century had ever seen.\"Jean-Henri Merle d\'Aubigné(1794–1872) wrote that \"the only man like Luther, in the power he wielded was O\'Connell.\"William Grenville(1759–1834) wrote that \"history will speak of him as one of the most remarkable men that ever lived.\" O\'Connell met, befriended, and became a great inspiration toFrederick Douglass(1818–1895) a former American slave who became a highly influential leader of the abolitionist movement, social reformer, orator, writer and statesman.[25][26]O\'Connell\'s attacks on slavery were made with his usual vigour, and often gave great offence, especially in the United States: he calledGeorge Washingtona hypocrite, and was challenged to a duel byAndrew Stevenson, the American Minister, whom he was reported to have called a slave breeder.

The round tower marking O\'Connell\'s grave inGlasnevin Cemetery

However, the founder of theIrish Labour Partyand executedEaster RisingleaderJames Connolly, devoted a chapter in his 1910 book \"Labour in Irish History\" entitled \"A chapter of horrors: Daniel O’Connell and the working class.\" in which he criticised O\'Connell\'s parliamentary record, accusing him of siding consistently with the interests of the propertied classes of the United Kingdom.[27]AndPatrick Pearse, Connolly\'s fellow leader of the Easter Rising, wrote: \"The leaders in Ireland have nearly always left the people at the critical moment.(...) O’Connell recoiled before the cannon at Clontarf\" though adding \"I do not blame these men; you or I might have done the same. It is a terrible responsibility to be cast on a man, that of offerding the cannon speak and thegrapeshotpour\".[28]

In O\'Connell\'s lifetime, the aims of hisRepeal Association—an independent Kingdom of Ireland governing itself but keeping the British monarch as its Head of State—proved too radical for the British government of the time to accept, and brought upon O\'Connell persecution and suppression.

O\'Connell is known in Ireland as \"The Liberator\" or \"The Great Emancipator\" for his success in achievingCatholic Emancipation. O\'Connell admired Latin American liberatorSimón Bolívar, and one of his sons, Morgan O\'Connell, was a volunteer officer in Bolívar\'s army in 1820, aged 15.[29]The principal street in the centre of Dublin, previously called Sackville Street, was renamedO\'Connell Streetin his honour in the early 20th century after theIrish Free Statecame into being.[30]His statue (made by the sculptorJohn Henry Foley, who also designed the sculptures of theAlbert Memorialin London) stands at one end of the street, with a statue ofCharles Stewart Parnellat the other end.[31]

Themain streetofLimerickis also named after O\'Connell, also with a statue at the end (in the centre of the Crescent). O\'Connell Streets also exist style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px; color: rgb(37, 37, 37); font-family: sans-serif;\">There is a statue honouring O\'Connell outsideSt Patrick\'s CathedralinMelbourne, Australia, as until the 1950s, theArchdiocese of Melbournewas almost entirely made up of Irish immigrants or Australians of Irish descent.[32]There is a museum commemorating him inDerrynane House, near the village ofDerrynane, County Kerry, which was once owned by his family.[33]He was a member of theLiterary Association of the Friends of Polandas well.[34]

Family[edit]1834 portrait of Daniel O\'Connell byGeorge Hayter

In 1802 O\'Connell married his third cousin, Mary O\'Connell. It was a love marriage, and to persist in it was an act of considerable courage, since Daniel\'s uncle Maurice was outraged (as Mary had no fortune) and for a time threatened to disinherit them.[35]They had four daughters (three surviving),Ellen(1805–1883), Catherine (1808), Elizabeth (1810), and Rickard (1815) and four sons. The andDaniel(1816)—all sat inParliament. The marriage was happy and Mary\'s death in 1837 was a blow from which her husband never fully recovered. He was a devoted father; O\'Faoláin suggests that despite his wide acquaintance he had few close friends and therefore the family circle meant a great deal to him.[36]

Connection with the licensed trade[edit]

O\'Connell assisted his younger son, Daniel junior, to acquire the Phoenix Brewery in James\'s Street, Dublin in 1831.[37]The brewery produced a brand known as \"O\'Connell\'s Ale\" and enjoyed some popularity. By 1832, O\'Connell was forced to state that he would not be a political patron of the brewing trade or his son\'s company, until he was no longer a member of parliament, particularly because O\'Connell andArthur Guinnesswere political enemies. Guinness was the \"moderate\" liberal candidate, O\'Connell was the \"radical\" liberal candidate. The rivalry caused dozens of Irish firms to boycott Guinness during the 1841 Repeal election. It was at this time that Guinness was accused of supporting the \"Orange system\", and its beer was known as \"Protestant porter\". When the O\'Connell family left brewing, the rights to \"O\'Connell Dublin Ale\" was sold to John D\'Arcy. The brewing business proved to be unsuccessful though, and after a few years was taken over by the manager, John Brennan, while Daniel junior embraced a political career. Brennan changed the name back to the Phoenix Brewery but continued to brew and sell O\'Connell\'s Ale. When the Phoenix Brewery was effectively closed after being absorbed into the Guinness complex in 1909, the brewing of O\'Connell\'s Ale was carried out by John D\'Arcy and Son Ltd at the Anchor Brewery in Usher Street. In 1926, D\'Arcy\'s ceased trading and the firm of Watkins, Jameson and Pim carried on the brewing until they too succumbed to the pressures of trying to compete with Guinness.[38][39]

Daniel junior was the committee chairman of the licensed trade association of the period and gave considerable and valuable support to Daniel O\'Connell in his public life. Some time later a quarrel arose and O\'Connell turned his back on the association and became a strong advocate oftemperance. During the period of Fr. Matthew\'s total abstinence crusades many temperance rallies were held, the most notable being a huge rally held onSt. Patrick\'s Dayin 1841. Daniel O\'Connell was aguest of honourat another such rally held at theRotunda Hospital.[39][40]

Comments on emancipation[edit]O\'Connell is on the left edge in this painting which is of the 1840World Anti-Slavery Convention.[41]Move your cursor to identify him or click icon to enlarge

Michael Doheny, in hisThe Felon\'s Track, says that the very character of emancipation has assumed an \"exaggerated and false guise\" and that it is an error to call it emancipation. He went on, that it was neither the first nor the last nor even the most important in the concessions, which are entitled to the name of emancipation, and that no one remembered the men whose exertions \"wrung from the reluctant spirit of a far darker time the right of living, of worship, of enjoying property, and exercising the franchise.\"[42]Doheny\'s opinion was, that the penalties of the \"Penal Laws\" had been long abolished, and that barbarous code had been compressed into cold and stolid exclusiveness and yet Mr. O\'Connell monopolised its entire renown.[42]The view put forward byJohn Mitchel, also one of the leading members of theYoung Irelandmovement, in his \"Jail Journal\"[43]was that there were two distinct movements in Ireland during this period, which were rousing the people, one was the Catholic Relief Agitation (led by O\'Connell), which was both open and legal, the other was the secret societies known as the Ribbon and White—boy movements.[44]The first proposed the admission of professional and genteel Catholics to Parliament and to the honours of the professions, all under British law—the other, originating in an utter horror and defiance of British law, contemplated nothing less than a social, and ultimately, a political revolution.[44]According to Mitchel, for fear of the latter, Great Britain with a \"very ill grace yielded to the first\". Mitchel agrees that Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellingtonsaidthey brought in this measure, to avert civil war; but says that \"no British statesman ever officially tells the truth, or assigns to any act its real motive.\"[44]Their real motive was, according to Mitchel, to buy into the British interests, the landed and educated Catholics, these \"Respectable Catholics\" would then be contented, and \"becomeWest Britons\" from that day.[44]

Political beliefs and programme[edit]\"Daniel O\'Connell: The Champion of Liberty\" poster published in Pennsylvania, 1847

A critic of violent insurrectionin Ireland, O\'Connell once said that\"the altar of liberty totters when it is cemented only with blood,\"and yet as late as 1841, O\'Connell had whipped his MPs into line to keep the \"Opium War\" going in China. The Tories at the time had proposed a motion of censure over the war, and O\'Connell had to call upon his MPs to support the Whig Government. As a result of this intervention, the Government was saved.[45]

Politically, he focused on parliamentary and populist methods to force change and made regular declarations of his loyalty to the British Crown. He often warned the British establishment that if they did not reform the governance of Ireland, Irishmen would start to listen to the \"counsels of violent men\". Successive British governments continued to ignore this advice, long after his death, although he succeeded in extracting by the sheer force of will and the power of the Catholic peasants and clergy much of what he wanted,i.e., eliminating disabilities on Roman Catholics; ensuring that lawfully elected Roman Catholics could serve their constituencies in the British Parliament (until theIrish Parliamentwas restored); and amending the Oath of Allegiance so as to remove clauses offensive to Roman Catholics who could then take the Oath in good conscience.[3]

Although a native speaker of theIrish language, O\'Connell encouraged Irish people to learn English to better themselves.[3]Although he is best known for the campaign for Catholic Emancipation; he also supported similar efforts for Irish Jews. At his insistence, in 1846, the British law \"De Judaismo\", which prescribed a special dress for Jews, was repealed. O\'Connell said: \"Ireland has claims on your ancient race, it is the only country that I know of unsullied by any one act of persecution of the Jews\".[46]

The Illustrated London NewsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe Illustrated London News
First page of the first editionTypeWeekly (1842–1971)
Monthly (1971–1989)
Bi-monthly (1989–1994)
Twice-yearly London News GroupFounded1842Political alignmentConservativeCeased publication2003HeadquartersLondon, England

The Illustrated London Newswas the world\'s first illustrated weekly news magazine; the first issue appeared on Saturday 14May 1842. It was published weekly until 1971 and then increasingly less frequently until publication ceased in 2003.

Contents[hide]

• 1History
• 2Collaborators
• 3Chief Editors
• 4Archive
• 5Notes and references
• 6Bibliography
• 7External links

History[edit]Front cover of the October 1, 1892 issue, showing a scene fromSydney GrundyandArthur Sullivan\'sHaddon Hallcreated by M. Browne andHerbert Railton.

Printer and newsagentHerbert Ingrammoved fromNottinghamto London in early 1842. Inspired by how theWeekly Chroniclealways sold more copies when it featured an illustration, he had the idea of publishing a weekly newspaper that would contain pictures in every edition. Ingram\'s initial idea was that it would concentrate on crime reporting, as per the laterIllustrated Police News, but his collaborator, engraverHenry Vizetelly, convinced him that a newspaper covering more general news would enjoy greater success.[1]

Ingram rented an office, recruited artists and reporters, and employed as his editorFrederick William Naylor Bayley(1808–1853), formerly editor of theNational Omnibus. The first issue of theThe Illustrated London Newsappeared on Saturday 14May 1842. Its 16 pages and 32wood engravingscovered topics such as the war inAfghanistan, a train crash in France, a survey of the candidates for the US presidential election, extensive crime reports, an account of a fancy dress ball atBuckingham Palace, theatre and book reviews, and a list of births, marriages and deaths. The newspaper also carried three pages of advertisements for items such as ataxidermymanual, Madame Bernard\'s treatment for baldness, and Smith\'squininetonic. Ingram hired 200men to carry placards through the streets of London promoting the first edition of his new newspaper.[2]

Jumbo\'s Journey to the Docks (The Illustrated London News, April 1, 1882)

Costingsixpence, the first edition sold 26,000 copies. Despite this initial success, sales of the second and subsequent editions were disappointing. However, Herbert Ingram was determined to make his newspaper a success, and sent everyclergymanin the country a copy of the edition which contained illustrations of the installation of theArchbishop of Canterbury, and by this means secured a great many new subscribers.

Its circulation soon increased to 40,000 and by the end of its first year was 60,000. In 1851, after the newspaper publishedJoseph Paxton\'s designs for theCrystal Palacebefore evenPrince Alberthad seen them, the circulation rose to 130,000. In 1852, when it produced a special edition covering the funeral of theDuke of Wellington, sales increased to 150,000; and in 1855, mainly due to the newspaper reproducing some ofRoger Fenton\'s pioneering photographs of theCrimean War(and also due to the abolition of theStamp Actwhich taxed newspapers), it sold 200,000 copies per week.

By 1863The Illustrated London Newswas selling more than 300,000 copies every week, enormous figures in comparison to other British newspapers of the time. Competitors appeared but did not last long; Andrew Spottiswoode\'sPictorial Timeslost £20,000 before it was sold to Ingram by Henry Vizetelly, who had quit Ingram to found it.[3]Ingram closed it down.

On 30 October 1875,The Illustrated London Newsdevoted its front-page and five other pages to an article about a reunion of the survivors of theCharge of the Light Brigadeto celebrate the 21st Anniversary of the Charge. The reunion was organised by a committee chaired byEdward Richard Woodhamwhose recollections of the charge and those of several others at the dinner were recorded in the article.

Herbert Ingram died on 8 September 1860 in apaddle-steamer accidentonLake Michigan, and he was succeeded as proprietor by his youngest son,William, who in turn was succeeded by his son,Sir Bruce Ingram(1877–1963) in 1900, who remained as editor until his death.

From about 1890 onwardThe Illustrated London Newsmade increasing use of photographs. The tradition of graphic illustrations continued however until the end of World War I. Often rough sketches of distant events with handwritten explanations, were supplied by observers and then worked on by artists in London to produce polished end-products for publication. This was particularly the case where popular subjects such as colonial or foreign military campaigns did not lend themselves to clear illustration using the limited camera technology of the period. By the 1920s and 1930s the pictures which dominated each issue of the magazine were almost exclusively photographic,[4]although artists might still be used to illustrate in pictorial form topics such as budgetry expenditure or the layout of coal mines.[5]

The Illustrated London Newswas published weekly until 1971 when it became a monthly, and then bimonthly from 1989 until 1994. From 1994 until production ceased in 2003 it was published just twice a year.[6]A re-launch was announced at the end of 2003, backed by American entrepreneurJames Sherwood, president ofSea Containers, but it was not successful.[7][8]

1848 engraving ofRoyal Naval DockyardonIreland Island,Bermuda.

Back issues of The Illustrated London News are available to view online.TheGenealogisthas a full collection online available from 1842 to 1879 and a number of issues from 1890.

Collaborators[edit]Nasser al-Din Shah Qajaron the front page ofThe Illustrated London Newsduring his last visit to Britain

The first generation of draughtsmen and engravers included SirJohn Gilbert,Birket Foster, andGeorge Cruikshankamong the former, andW. J. Linton,Ebenezer Landellsand George Thomas among the latter. Regular literary contributors includedDouglas Jerrold,Richard GarnettandShirley Brooks.

Illustrators, artists and photographers includedEdward Duncan,Bruce Bairnsfather,H. M. Bateman, Edmund Blampied,Mabel Lucie Attwell,E. H. Shepherd,Kate Greenaway,W. Heath Robinsonand his brotherCharles Robinson,George E. Studdy, David Wright, Melton Prior,William Simpson, Frederic Villiers,Frank Reynolds, Lawson Wood, C. E. Turner, R. Caton Woodville, A. Forestier,Fortunino Matania,Christina BroomandLouis Wain.

Writers and journalists includedRobert Louis Stevenson,Thomas Hardy,George Augustus Sala,J. M. Barrie,Wilkie Collins,Rudyard Kipling,G. K. Chesterton,Joseph Conrad,Sir Arthur Conan Doyle,Sir Charles Petrie,Agatha Christie,[9]Arthur BryantandTim Beaumont(who wrote about food).[10]

Chief Editors[edit]1842-1848:Frederick William Naylor Bayley[11](assistant:John Timbs[12])1848-1859:Charles Mackay[11]1860-1862: William J. Stewart[11]1863-1890:John Lash Latey[11]1891-1900:Clement King Shorter[11]1900-1963: SirBruce Ingram[11]1963-1965:Hugh Ingram[13]1965-1970:Timothy Green[13]1967-1970:John Kisch[13]1970-1994: James Bishop[13]1995-close: Mark Palmer[13]

Note: sources are contradictory in some cases. An alternative listing for the period 1842-1859 is 1842 – 1846: F.W.N. Bayley; 1846 – 1852:John Timbs; 1852 – 1859: Charles Mackay[13][14]

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